Superoxide ion (O2•–) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse
chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2•–is rather …

Mitochondrial mass and quality are tightly regulated by two essential and opposing
mechanisms, mitochondrial biogenesis (mitobiogenesis) and mitophagy, in response to …

Tumor cells possess a high metabolic plasticity, which drives them to switch on the
anaerobic glycolysis and lactate production when challenged by hypoxia. Among the …

The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved intra-cellular signaling
network which is activated in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Various stresses …

Acute inflammation or resolved inflammation is an adaptive host defense mechanism and is
self-limiting, which returns the body to a state of homeostasis. However, unresolved …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Numerous short-lived and highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2−),
hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide are continuously generated in vivo. Depending …

Endothelial cells (ECs) require glycolysis for proliferation and migration during
angiogenesis; however, the necessity for the mitochondrial respiratory chain during …

This review provides a selective history of how studies of mitochondrial cation transport (K+,
Na+, Ca2+) developed in relation to the major themes of research in bioenergetics. It then …

Nitrite is one of the players in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. This nitrogen oxo-
anion is involved in key pathways crucial to life on Earth and to the planetary “recycling” of …