The malignant tumor is a multi-etiological, systemic and complex disease characterized by
uncontrolled cell proliferation and distant metastasis. Anticancer treatments including …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process
regulated by various pro-and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-
renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor …

Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a
worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), initially identified in leukemia in 1994, constitute a distinct subset
of tumor cells characterized by surface markers such as CD133, CD44, and ALDH. Their …

Despite the success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment, therapy-induced resistance
remains a major obstacle to a complete cure. Tumor cells evade treatments and relapse via …

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related death. Drug resistance
is the bottleneck in ovarian cancer treatment. The increasing use of novel drugs in clinical …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement
in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and …

Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy is now considered to be a main component of
cancer therapy, alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies …

Cancer development and progression occurs in concert with alterations in the surrounding
stroma. Cancer cells can functionally sculpt their microenvironment through the secretion of …