Opioid drugs are important tools to alleviate pain of different origins, but they have strong
addictive potential and their abuse at higher doses often results in serious health …

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that
results from either a deficiency or tolerance in insulin. 1 In the United States, 8.3% of the …

The current status of sensors capable of continuous measurement of analytes in biological
media is reviewed. This review containing 173 references deals with devices whose use in …

In the gray matter of the brain, astrocytes have been suggested to export lactate (derived
from glucose or glycogen) to neurons to power their mitochondria. In the white matter, lactate …

The genesis of the biosensor undoubtedly began with the efforts of Leland C. Clark, Jr. to
measure oxygen in biological fluids. 1 The key innovation was the placement of both the …

The memory-improving action of glucose has now been studied for almost 20 years and the
study of this phenomenon has led to a number of important developments in the …

Rapid progress is being made in understanding the roles of the cerebral meninges in the
maintenance of normal brain function, in immune surveillance, and as a site of disease. Most …

The oxygen dependence of a first generation amperometric biosensor was investigated in
vitro and in vivo by monitoring its glucose response as a function of solution pO2. The …

Neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling help the brain to maintain an appropriate
energy flow to the neural tissue under conditions of increased neuronal activity. Both …

Miniaturized electrochemical in vivo biosensors allow the measurement of fast extracellular
dynamics of neurotransmitter and energy metabolism directly in the tissue. Enzyme-based …