In contrast to other species, cattle possess exceptional antibodies with ultra-long
complementarity-determining regions (ulCDRs) that can consist of 40-70 amino acids. The …

Cows produce antibodies with a disulfide-bonded antigen-binding domain embedded within
ultralong heavy chain third complementarity determining regions. This “knob” domain is …

Potent antibody-mediated neutralization is critical for an organism to combat the vast array of
pathogens it will face during its lifetime. Due to the potential genetic diversity of some …

An important challenge in vaccine development is to figure out why a vaccine succeeds in
some individuals and fails in others. Although antibody repertoires hold the key to answering …

The development of a universal vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is
hindered by cross-serotype antigenic diversity and by a lack of knowledge regarding …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A is antigenically most variable within
serotypes. The structures of conserved and variable antigenic sites were not well resolved …

Potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV have been very challenging to elicit by
vaccination in wild-type animals. Here, by x-ray crystallography, cryo–electron microscopy …

Background Serum albumin binding is an established mechanism to extend the serum half-
life of antibody fragments and peptides. The cysteine rich knob domains, isolated from …

Antibodies bind antigens via flexible loops called complementarity-determining regions
(CDRs). These are usually 6-20 residues long. However, some bovine antibodies have ultra …

In this work, we have generated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific cattle-
derived ultralong CDR-H3 antibodies by combining cattle immunization with yeast surface …