The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

In the coming years and decades, advanced space-and ground-based observatories will
allow an unprecedented opportunity to probe the atmospheres and surfaces of potentially …

Eukaryotic life appears to have flourished surprisingly late in the history of our planet. This
view is based on the low diversity of diagnostic eukaryotic fossils in marine sediments of mid …

The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and
tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen …

Sedimentary rocks deposited across the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition record extreme
climate fluctuations, a potential rise in atmospheric oxygen or re-organization of the seafloor …

The early Earth's environment is controversial. Climatic estimates range from hot to glacial,
and inferred marine pH spans strongly alkaline to acidic. Better understanding of early …

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all life on Earth and it acts as a major control on
biological productivity in the modern ocean. Accurate reconstructions of the evolution of life …

The timing of divergences among metazoan lineages is integral to understanding the
processes of animal evolution, placing the biological events of species divergences into the …

Two records of Earth history capture the evolution of life and its co-evolving ecosystems with
interpretable fidelity: the geobiological and geochemical traces preserved in rocks and the …