The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Niño

A Santoso, MJ Mcphaden, W Cai - Reviews of Geophysics, 2017‏ - Wiley Online Library
The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

A review of progress in coupled ocean-atmosphere model developments for ENSO studies in China

RH Zhang, Y Yu, Z Song, HL Ren, Y Tang… - Journal of Oceanology …, 2020‏ - Springer
Abstract El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest interannual signal that is
produced by basinscale processes in the tropical Pacific, with significant effects on weather …

Decadal prediction: can it be skillful?

GA Meehl, L Goddard, J Murphy… - Bulletin of the …, 2009‏ - journals.ametsoc.org
A new field of study,“decadal prediction,” is emerging in climate science. Decadal prediction
lies between seasonal/interannual forecasting and longer-term climate change projections …

Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium

J Li, SP **e, ER Cook, G Huang, R D'arrigo, F Liu… - Nature climate …, 2011‏ - nature.com
Abstract The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual
climate variability on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La …

ENSO modulation: Is it decadally predictable?

AT Wittenberg, A Rosati, TL Delworth… - Journal of …, 2014‏ - journals.ametsoc.org
Observations and climate simulations exhibit epochs of extreme El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) behavior that can persist for decades. Previous studies have revealed a …

ENSO predictability over the past 137 years based on a CESM ensemble prediction system

T Liu, X Song, Y Tang, Z Shen, X Tan - Journal of Climate, 2022‏ - journals.ametsoc.org
In this study, we conducted an ensemble retrospective prediction from 1881 to 2017 using
the Community Earth System Model to evaluate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

An extension of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach and its applications

M Mu, W Duan, Q Wang, R Zhang - Nonlinear Processes in …, 2010‏ - npg.copernicus.org
The approach of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) was previously
proposed to find the optimal initial perturbation (CNOP-I) in a given constraint. In this paper …

Exploring the initial errors that cause a significant “spring predictability barrier” for El Niño events

W Duan, X Liu, K Zhu, M Mu - Journal of Geophysical …, 2009‏ - Wiley Online Library
Within the Zebiak‐Cane model, we identify two types of initial errors that have significant
season‐dependent evolutions related to the spring predictability barrier (SPB) for El Niño …

An assessment of the CFS real-time seasonal forecasts

W Wang, M Chen, A Kumar - Weather and forecasting, 2010‏ - journals.ametsoc.org
This study assesses the real-time seasonal forecasts for 2005–08 with the current National
Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS). The forecasts …

The Liang-Kleeman information flow: Theory and applications

XS Liang - Entropy, 2013‏ - mdpi.com
Information flow, or information transfer as it may be referred to, is a fundamental notion in
general physics which has wide applications in scientific disciplines. Recently, a rigorous …