Inflammation is a biological response involving immune cells, blood vessels and mediators
induced by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or …

Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

UNC93B1 is critical for trafficking and function of nucleic acid–sensing Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, which are essential for antiviral immunity. Overactive …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes self-DNA and plays intricate roles in systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the molecular mechanism regulating the endosomal …

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the transcriptional
induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, thereby …

Nucleic acid–sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3, 7/8, and 9 are key innate immune sensors
whose activities must be tightly regulated to prevent systemic autoimmune or …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against
infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize …

SUMMARY Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and
latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 …