This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Recent progress in plate tectonic reconstructions has seen models move beyond the
classical idea of continental drift by attempting to reconstruct the full evolving configuration of …

The relationship between globalization and environmental quality has drawn intensive
attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on global evidence …

Concealed deep beneath the oceans is a carbon conveyor belt, propelled by plate tectonics.
Our understanding of its modern functioning is underpinned by direct observations, but its …

New palaeogeographical reconstructions for the earlier Ordovician (480 Ma), and later
Ordovician (450 Ma) integrate revised longitude-calibrated palaeomagnetic reconstructions …

The oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate and phosphatic fossils hold the key to
understanding Earth-system evolution during the last 500 million years. Unfortunately, the …

Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their adaptations and
resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All life will eventually perish in a …

An oxygen-rich atmosphere is essential for complex animals. The early Earth had an anoxic
atmosphere, and understanding the rise and maintenance of high O2 levels is critical for …

Abstract The Cambrian 'Explosion', located by many authors between 540 and 520 million
years ago (Ma), is considered to be an abrupt appearance in the fossil record of most animal …

Map** the history of atmospheric O2 during the late Precambrian is vital for evaluating
potential links to animal evolution. Ancient O2 levels are often inferred from geochemical …