Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, and has been pandemic since …

In late 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a lipid-based mRNA
vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, which has pushed this field to be more closely …

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce
infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were …

Vaccines have been the single most significant advancement in public health, preventing
morbidity and mortality in millions of people annually. Vaccine development has traditionally …

Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher
safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine …

Which elements are essential for human life? Here we make an element-by-element journey
through the periodic table and attempt to assess whether elements are essential or not, and …

Vaccines are the most effective and cost-efficient method for preventing diseases caused by
infectious pathogens. Despite the great success of vaccines, development of safe and strong …

The development of vaccines is one of the most significant medical accomplishments which
has helped to eradicate a large number of diseases. It has undergone an evolutionary …

Most pathogens initiate their infections at the human mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal
vaccination, especially through oral or intranasal administration routes, is highly desired for …

Introduction Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing
epidemics. To enhance the immune response to antigens, effective subunit vaccines or …