Cytokines regulate immune responses essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, as
deregulated cytokine signaling can lead to detrimental outcomes, including inflammatory …

Degeneration of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) is a major contributor to back, neck and
radicular pain. IVD degeneration is characterized by increases in levels of the …

Inflammatory responses in the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS) play
key roles in the development and persistence of many pathologic pain states. 1 Certain …

Glia plays a crucial role in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis in the central nervous
system. The microglial production of immune factors is believed to play an important role in …

Nociceptive pain results from the detection of intense or noxious stimuli by specialized high-
threshold sensory neurons (nociceptors), a transfer of action potentials to the spinal cord …

During the past two decades, an important focus of pain research has been the study of
chronic pain mechanisms, particularly the processes that lead to the abnormal sensitivity …

The possible involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in spinal cord
and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in the development of peripheral neuropathic pain has …

Our previous study showed that activation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in spinal
astrocytes plays an important role in neuropathic pain sensitization. We further investigated …

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a mitogen activated-protein kinase
(MAPK), in dorsal horn neurons contributes to inflammatory pain by transcription-dependent …

Accumulating evidence over last several years indicates an important role of microglial cells
in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Signal transduction in microglia under chronic pain …