The provision of probiotics benefits the health of a wide range of organisms, from humans to
animals and plants. Probiotics can enhance stress resilience of endangered organisms …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced for defense in nearly all taxa from simple
bacteria to complex mammalian species. Some amphibian families have developed this …

Here we review the knowledge about skin microbiomes in amphibians accumulated over the
last two decades and the evidence regarding the protective role of skin bacteria. Amphibians …

Climate change is turning formerly pristine ecosystems into ever-changing states, causing
major disturbance and biodiversity loss. Such impacted marine ecosystems and organisms …

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are primary components of the innate immune system with
diverse biological functions, such as antibacterial ability and immunomodulatory function …

Mucosal defenses are crucial in animals for protection against pathogens and predators.
Host defense peptides (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) as well as skin-associated microbes …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

Highlights•The fungal mycobiome on the skin is shaped by skin physiology and
age.•Disruption of fungal–bacterial network is associated with dermatological …

Variation among animals in their host-associated microbial communities is increasingly
recognized as a key determinant of important life history traits including growth, metabolism …

This review summarizes the role of environmental factors on amphibian microbiotas at the
organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. At the organismal …