Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable disease that causes respiratory failure
leading to mortality. The main locus of ALS is motor neurons. The success of antisense …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting are promising technologies for a broad
range of healthcare applications from frontier regenerative medicine and tissue engineering …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive cell loss leading to disruption
of the structure and function of the central nervous system. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis …

Although skeletal muscle repairs itself following small injuries, genetic diseases or severe
damages may hamper its ability to do so. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can …

Cancer immunotherapy is the great breakthrough in cancer treatment as it displayed
prolonged progression-free survival over conventional therapies, yet, to date, in only a …

Animals often fail to faithfully mimic human diseases and drug toxicities, and most in vitro
models are not complex enough to recapitulate human body function and pathophysiology …

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) plays a critical role in muscle contraction, and its
dysfunction can result in various neuromuscular disorders. In vitro models for studying NMJ …

Embryoids and organoids hold great promise for human biology and medicine. Herein, we
discuss conceptual and technological frameworks useful for develo** high-fidelity …

Tumor evolution is the accumulation of various tumor cell behaviors from tumorigenesis to
tumor metastasis and is regulated by the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the …