Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence
of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from …

It is often taken for granted that all animals host and depend upon a microbiome, yet this has
only been shown for a small proportion of species. We propose that animals span a …

Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often
have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in …

Microbiomes of soils and plants are linked, but how this affects microbiomes of aboveground
herbivorous insects is unknown. We first generated plant-conditioned soils in field plots, then …

Host-beneficial endosymbioses, which are formed when a microorganism takes up
residence inside another cell and provides a fitness advantage to the host, have had a …

While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood
why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while …

Insects are associated with a plethora of different microbes of which we are only starting to
understand their role in sha** insect–plant interactions. Besides directly benefitting from …

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions
with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts …

Background Ticks are obligate blood feeders transmitting major pathogens worldwide. Over
the past few years, considerable research efforts have focused on the diversity, distribution …