N-Methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play key roles in
synaptogenesis, synaptic maturation, long-term plasticity, neuronal network activity, and …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

Abstract Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) are densely expressed in the striatum and have
been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia,. High-affinity binding of …

Among the many neuromodulators used by the mammalian brain to regulate circuit function
and plasticity, dopamine (DA) stands out as one of the most behaviorally powerful …

Astrocytes, the most abundant non-neuronal cell type in the mammalian brain, are crucial
circuit components that respond to and modulate neuronal activity through calcium (Ca2+) …

The basal ganglia are a chain of subcortical nuclei that facilitate action selection. Two striatal
projection systems—so-called direct and indirect pathways—form the functional backbone of …

Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

This Perspective will examine the organization of intrastriatal circuitry, review recent findings
in this area, and discuss how the pattern of connectivity between striatal neurons might give …