Various biomedical implants for prolonged usage in the human body have been created in
recent years in a massive and steadily increasing number. Friction stir techniques are solid …

Tissue engineering (TE) is an interdisciplinary field integrating engineering, material science
and medical biology that aims to develop biological substitutes to repair, replace, retain, or …

Collagen is the primary component of the extracellular matrix in the human body. It has
proved challenging to fabricate collagen scaffolds capable of replicating the structure and …

Abstract Although three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has gained much attention
in the field of tissue engineering, there are still several significant engineering challenges to …

Congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases (VHDs) are significant causes of mortality
worldwide. With valve replacement being the primary solution for VHD, current options …

With advances in nanotechnology, the applications of nanomaterial are develo** widely
and greatly. The characteristic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them the most …

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) represent one of the most studied allotropes of carbon. The
unique physicochemical properties of CNTs make them among prime candidates for …

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure and crystalline material generated by aerobic
bacteria, which has received significant interest due to its unique physiochemical …

Heart valves are characterized to be highly flexible yet tough, and exhibit complex
deformation characteristics such as nonlinearity, anisotropy, and viscoelasticity, which are …

Bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by certain species of bacteria, is a fascinating
biopolymer with unique physical and mechanical properties. BC's applications range from …