Ecologically mediated selection against hybrids, caused by hybrid phenotypes fitting poorly
into available niches, is typically viewed as distinct from selection caused by epistatic …

Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, thereby providing the
field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Evolutionary diversification is often initiated by adaptive divergence between populations
occupying ecologically distinct environments while still exchanging genes. The genetic …

Parallel (or convergent) evolution provides strong evidence for a deterministic role of natural
selection: similar phenotypes evolve when independent populations colonize similar …

Compared to those of their parents, are the traits of first-generation (F1) hybrids typically
intermediate, biased toward one parent, or mismatched for alternative parental phenotypes …

Epistasis is often portrayed as unimportant in evolution. While random patterns of epistasis
may have limited effects on the response to selection, systematic directional epistasis can …

Recent studies have shown that the repeated evolution of similar phenotypes in response to
similar ecological conditions (here “parallel evolution”) often occurs through mutations in the …

Parallel phenotypic evolution in similar environments has been well studied in evolutionary
biology; however, comparatively little is known about the influence of determinism and …

Parallel (and convergent) phenotypic variation is most often studied in the wild, where it is
difficult to disentangle genetic vs. environmentally induced effects. As a result, the potential …