Local anesthetics have been used clinically for more than a century, but new insights into
their mechanisms of action and their interaction with biological systems continue to surprise …

In this review, we discuss advances in acute pain management, including the recent report
of the joint American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine task force on …

On-demand relief of local pain would allow patients to control the timing, intensity and
duration of nerve blocks in a safe and non-invasive manner. Ultrasound would be a suitable …

Numerous drug delivery systems have been applied to the problem of providing prolonged
duration local anesthesia (PDLA). Here we review the rationale for PDLA, the desirable …

Postoperative pain is a major concern for most of the surgical patients, and an inadequate
postoperative pain control may cause a series of complications. With an effective pain …

The long history of local anesthetics (LAs) starts out in the late 19th century when the content
of coca plant leaves was discovered to alleviate pain. Soon after, cocaine was established …

There is clinical and scientific interest in develo** local anesthetics with prolonged
durations of effect from single injections. The need for such is highlighted by the current …

Neuraxial drug administration, ie, the injection of drugs into the epidural or intrathecal space
to produce anesthesia or analgesia, is a technique developed more than 120 years ago …

Introduction Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that significantly affects the quality of life
of millions of people globally. Most of the pharmacologic treatments currently in use …

An injectable local anesthetic producing repeatable on-demand nerve block would be
desirable for pain management. Here we present a phototriggerable device to achieve …