There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of
abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for …

Becoming literate has been argued to have a range of social, economic and psychological
effects. Less examined is the extent to which repercussions of becoming literate may vary as …

People often rely on habitual, serial processing when presented with to-be-learned
information. We tested how strategic processing can override more bottom-up, serial …

The mental representation of numbers inherently involves a spatial organization, often
positioning smaller numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right. The SNARC effect …

Do we conceptualise the future as being behind us or in front of us? Although this question
has traditionally been investigated through the lens of spatiotemporal metaphors, new …

Complex problem solving (CPS) is considered an important educational outcome in the 21
st century. Despite its importance, we have only little only knowledge of its measurability …

Recent research has established that 5-to 6-year-old typically develo** children in a left–
right writing culture spontaneously reverse left-oriented characters (eg, they write instead of …

Spatial cues have previously been found to facilitate information processing not only at cued
locations but also within cued objects, so-called object-based attention. We used different …

We investigated age-related differences in serial and strategic processing during the
encoding and retrieval of high-value words. Younger and older adults were presented with …

The temporal-focus hypothesis (TFH) states that people's mental conceptualization of past or
future as in front is determined by their cultural attitudes towards time. Whereas previous …