El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

This review paper presents an assessment of the current state of knowledge and capability
in seasonal climate prediction at the end of the 20th century. The discussion covers the full …

For the past three years (2012–2014), California has experienced the most severe drought
conditions in its last century. But how unusual is this event? Here we use two paleoclimate …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

This document has two main sections: one on historical conditions and trends, and the other
on future conditions as simulated by climate models. The historical section concentrates on …

The highly variable timing of streamflow in snowmelt-dominated basins across western
North America is an important consequence, and indicator, of climate fluctuations. Changes …

Global synthesis of the findings from∼ 140 recharge study areas in semiarid and arid
regions provides important information on recharge rates, controls, and processes, which …

The first such reference work in thirty-five years, this is a comprehensive guide to both
specific landforms and the major types of processes that create them. This two-volume set …

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most dominant interannual signal of climate
variability and has a strong influence on climate over large parts of the world. In turn, it …

The influence of the opposite phases of ENSO on the frequency of extreme rainfall events
over South America is analyzed for each month of the ENSO cycle on the basis of a large set …