This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Background The clinical picture, but also neuroimaging findings, suggested the brainstem
and midbrain structures as possible driving or generating structures in migraine. Findings …

Background Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are both potently inhibited by
anesthetics and densely expressed in the thalamus. Brain imaging shows that thalamic …

Circadian and homeostatic neural circuits organize the temporal architecture of physiology
and behavior, but knowledge of their interactions is imperfect. For example, neurons …

Multiple homeostatic systems are regulated by orexin (hypocretin) peptides and their two
known GPCR s. Activation of orexin receptors promotes waking and is essential for …

The neuropeptides orexins and their G protein-coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2, were
discovered in 1998, and since then, their role has been investigated in many functions …

The hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin (ORX) has been implicated in anxiety, and anxiety-
like behaviors. The purpose of these studies was to determine the role of ORX, specifically …

Dynamic thalamic regulation of sensory signals allows the cortex to adjust better to rapidly
changing behavioral, physiological and environmental demands. To fulfill this role, thalamic …

Neurons of the intralaminar thalamus, including central lateral (CL) and parafascicular (Pf)
nuclei, innervate the cortex and striatum and are important for cognitive, sensory, and motor …

Dynamic thalamic regulation of sensory signals allows the cortex to adjust better to rapidly
changing behavioral, physiological, and environmental demands. To fulfill this role, thalamic …