Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters
of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Stratified oceanic systems are characterized by the presence of a so‐called Deep
Chlorophyll a Maximum (DCM) not detectable by ocean color satellites. A DCM can either …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The decline of sea-ice thickness, area, and volume due to the transition from multi-year to
first-year sea ice has improved the under-ice light environment for pelagic Arctic …

Phytoplankton blooms in the Barents Sea are highly sensitive to seasonal and interannual
changes in sea ice extent, water mass distribution, and oceanic fronts. With the ongoing …

Marine plankton form complex communities of interacting organisms at the base of the food
web, which sustain oceanic biogeochemical cycles and help regulate climate. Although …

• All regions continue to exhibit positive trends over the 2003-21 period, with the strongest
trends in the Eurasian Arctic and Barents Sea.• During May 2021, a~ 1700 km long region …

Polar marine ecosystems are characterized by low water temperatures, sea ice cover, and
extreme annual variation in solar irradiance and primary productivity. A review of the …