Objective/Background Migraine is associated with ischemic stroke. Women are 3‐fold as
likely as men to have migraine, and high estrogen states increase the risk of migraine with …

Stroke is one of the most devastating pathologies of the early twenty-first century
demonstrating 1-month case-fatality rates ranging from 13 to 35% worldwide. Though the …

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of medical
conditions but to date only one official position paper related to left circulation …

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with cryptogenic stroke. There is
conflicting data and it remains uncertain whether PFO is the direct cause, a risk factor or an …

Highlights•TTE with contrast study is being used for indirect diagnosis of PFO.•TEE affords
direct visualization of PFO with measurement of PFO size.•TEE also provides detailed …

Background While stroke is one of the most dissected topics in neurology, the primary
prevention of PFO-related stroke in young patients is still an unaddressed subject. We …

Objective Several investigations have documented an association between migraine and
right‐to‐left shunt (RLS). However, whether there are specific clinical features that can …

This article examines the relationship between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine,
emphasizing the mechanisms underlying the connection and the historical status of …

Objective: To explore the preferred test to screen for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
(PAVMs) and to predict the probability of interventional embolization. Methods: We …

Migraine, according to the International Headache Society, is a primary headache disorder
and is classified as migraine with (MWA) or without aura (MWoA). Rarely migraine aura, with …