The importance of the amygdala as a salience detector and in emotional learning is now
well accepted. The mechanisms that regulate and inhibit the amygdala, however, are less …

Background The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used in treatment-resistant epilepsy since the
1920s. It has been researched in a variety of neurological conditions in both animal models …

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that may follow the experience of trauma,
has multiple symptomatic phenotypes. Generally, individuals with PTSD display symptoms …

Highlights•The PAG is activated by imminent threats of diverse nature.•Dorsal PAG neurons
command the initiation of escape actions.•Cortical and subcortical circuits modulate escape …

Highlights•Risk assessment can be compared in humans and rodents with virtual
predators.•Risk assessment is elicited by approach–avoidance conflict.•Periaqueductal grey …

Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental health problems worldwide, but the
exact pathophysiology remains largely unknown. It has been demonstrated previously that …

Threatening environments can be unpredictable in many different ways. The nature of
threats, their timing, and their locations in a scene can all be uncertain, even when one is …

Making inference under uncertainty requires an optimal weighting of prior expectations and
observations. How this weighting is realized in the brain remains elusive. To investigate this …

The neural underpinnings of defensive behaviour have implications for both basic research
and clinical translation. This review systematically collates published research on neural …

Background Pain and depression are common complications in patients with advanced
cancer, which significantly affects their quality of life and survival. Dysregulation of the …