Long-term memory formation is a major function of sleep. Based on evidence from
neurophysiological and behavioral studies mainly in humans and rodents, we consider the …

Motor learning encompasses a wide range of phenomena, ranging from relatively low-level
mechanisms for maintaining calibration of our movements, to making high-level cognitive …

Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons in brain that transmit and compute
information, thereby connecting neurons into millions of overlap** and interdigitated …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Top-down feedback in cortex is critical for guiding sensory processing, which has
prominently been formalized in the theory of hierarchical predictive coding (hPC). However …

The meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) framework, which involves RL over multiple
timescales, has been successful in training deep RL models that generalize to new …

Synaptic plasticity is believed to be a key physiological mechanism for learning. It is well
established that it depends on pre-and postsynaptic activity. However, models that rely …

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a neuromodulation therapy for a broad and expanding set
of neurologic conditions. However, the mechanism through which VNS influences central …

Learning induces the formation of new excitatory synapses in the form of dendritic spines,
but their functional properties remain unknown. Here, using longitudinal in vivo two-photon …

Somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons constitute a major class of inhibitory neurons
in the mammalian cortex and are characterized by dense wiring into the local network and …