Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

Animal personalities or behavioural syndromes are consistent and/or correlated behaviours
across two or more situations within a population. Social insect biologists have measured …

Social learning in particle swarm optimization (PSO) helps collective efficiency, whereas
individual reproduction in genetic algorithm (GA) facilitates global effectiveness. This …

Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world.
They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of …

Insect pollination is a vital ecosystem service that maintains biodiversity and sustains
agricultural crop yields. Social bees are essential insect pollinators, so it is concerning that …

Swarm intelligence in a bat algorithm (BA) provides social learning. Genetic operations for
reproducing individuals in a genetic algorithm (GA) offer global search ability in solving …

Bumblebees are exposed to pesticides applied for crop protection while foraging on treated
plants, with increasing evidence suggesting that this sublethal exposure has implications for …

Equipped with a mini brain smaller than one cubic millimeter and containing only 950,000
neurons, honeybees could be indeed considered as having rather limited cognitive abilities …

Diverse forms of nanoscale architecture generate structural colour and perform signalling
functions within and between species. Structural colour is the result of the interference of …

The honeybee possesses a limited number of bacterial phylotypes that play essential roles
in host metabolism, hormonal signaling, and feeding behavior. However, the contribution of …