Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a public health concern and is increasing in prevalence in urban
areas. Recent advances in sequencing technology have demonstrated that the development …

The holobiont (host with its endocellular and extracellular microbiome) can function as a
distinct biological entity, an additional organismal level to the ones previously considered …

Several healthy developmental processes such as pregnancy, fetal development, and infant
development include a multitude of physiological changes: weight gain, hormonal, and …

The infant's gut microbiome is generally rich in the Bifidobacterium genus. The mother's milk
contains natural prebiotics, called human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as the third most …

Maternal milk contains compounds that may affect newborn immunity. Among these are a
group of oligosaccharides that are synthesized in the mammary gland from lactose; these …

The mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host is
influenced by diet. Consumption of various nutrients affects the structure of the microbial …

A number of bacterial species are found in high abundance in the faeces of healthy breast-
fed infants, an occurrence that is understood to be, at least in part, due to the ability of these …

Oligosaccharides are abundant in human milk. Production of these highly diverse structures
requires significant energy expenditure by the mother and yet these human milk …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates
present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut microbiota …

Breast milk is the gold standard in infant nutrition. In addition to provide essential nutrients
for the newborn, it contains multiple bioactive molecules that provide protection and …