Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

The study of plant mitochondria started in earnest around 1950 with the first isolations of
mitochondria from animal and plant tissues. The first 35 years were spent establishing the …

Cross-kingdom small RNA trafficking between hosts and microbes modulates gene
expression in the interacting partners during infection. However, whether other RNAs are …

The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant
cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent …

Plants typically activate distinct defense pathways against various pathogens. Heightened
resistance to one pathogen often coincides with increased susceptibility to another …

Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with
other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the …

Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote
host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some …

Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including
proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The …

Although the antagonistic effects of host resistance against biotrophic and necrotrophic
pathogens have been documented in various plants, the underlying mechanisms are …

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in
nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study …