Due to the proliferation of ICT during the last few decades, there is an exponential increase
in the usage of various smart applications such as smart farming, smart healthcare, supply …

Recently, blockchain technology has gained considerable attention from researchers and
practitioners. This is mainly due to its unique features including decentralization, security …

Blockchain has emerged as an important concept at the interface of ICT and higher
education. It is a system in which a record of transactions is maintained across several …

The information generated from a nonconformance can be used to determine the party
responsible for ensuring that quality standards are assured. However, in the construction …

Degree attestation verification and traceability are complex one-to-one processes between
the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and universities. The procedure shifted to the …

In the current era, blockchain has approximately 30 consensus algorithms. This
architecturally distributed database stores data in an encrypted form with multiple checks …

With the emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in blockchain technology, educational
institutions have been able to use NFTs to reward students. This is done by automatically …

Certificates in either hard or soft copies are common documents in our day-to-day activities.
However, they are vulnerable to be tampered and inefficiencies exist in the current …

Blockchain is one of the latest innovations that is increasingly attracting the attention of
various stakeholders in different fields, including the education sector. This is primarily due …

Blockchain is one of the latest technologies attracting increasing attention from different
actors in diverse fields, including the educational sector. The objective of this study is to offer …