This tutorial reviews various noncontact optical sensing techniques that can be used to
measure distances to objects, and related parameters such as displacements, surface …

Confocal microscopy uses a confocal aperture in front of a detector to eliminate out-of-focus
blur, providing optical sectioning, high spatial resolution, and high contrast. It enables …

By use of a superresolution pupil filtering technique to achieve a lateral optical
superresolution and a differential confocal microscopy technique to achieve an axial …

The confocal probe is one of the most well-used optical sensors for displacement/position
measurement as well as for map** of three-dimensional microstructured surfaces and …

In the manufacturing of injection-molded plastic parts, it is essential to perform a non-
destructive (and, in some applications, contactless) three-dimensional measurement and …

In this study we propose an annular-beam dual-detection confocal reflectance microscopy
(ADDCRM) method for high-speed three-dimensional surface measurements without …

The fabrication, implementation, and evaluation of an in-fiber white-light interferometric
distance sensor that is capable of measuring the absolute value of an arbitrary small …

In order to further improve the lateral resolution required for ultraprecision measurement of
discontinuous surface contours, a new laser heterodyne confocal probe (LHCP) has been …

We describe a fiber optic confocal sensor (FOCOS) system that uses an optical fiber and a
lens to accurately detect the position of an object at, or close to, the image plane of the fiber …

In this work, we demonstrate the use of a chromatic confocal sensor for long-distance
measurements. The sensor increases the working distance of state-of-the-art confocal …