The accurate and personalized estimation of task difficulty provides many opportunities for
optimizing user experience. However, user diversity makes such difficulty estimation hard, in …

Difficulty is one of the key drivers of player engagement, and it is often one of the aspects
that designers tweak most to optimise the player experience; operationalising it is, therefore …

When generating levels, algorithmically evaluating the results is essential. In this paper, we
looked at predicting a level's difficulty and enjoyment. Past work has approached this …

Adaptive game design is a dynamic gamification approach that changes game elements
such as challenges, feedback mechanisms, and rewards based on players' preferences …

We propose modeling designer style in mixed-initiative game content creation tools as
archetypical design traces. These design traces are formulated as transitions between …

This study presents an in-game audio-cue setting approach using Gaussian Process
Regression (GPR) to provide dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) in a first-person shooter …

This paper analyzes the experience of first-person shooter (FPS) players when game
difficulty is adjusted by personalizing their audio cue settings, considering the balance …

In interactive digital media, such as video games, bringing about an adaptive or
personalised experience requires a mechanism for correctly classifying or identifying the …

This paper studies the problem of automatically adjusting the difficulty level of educational
exercises to facilitate learning. Previous work on this topic either relies on large datasets or …

Procedural level generation can create unseen levels and improve the replayability of
games, but there are requirements for a generated level. First, a level must be completable …