Background Because of the disability associated with surgery for anal fissure and the risk of
incontinence, medical alternatives for surgery have been sought. Most recently …

Botulinum toxin, the most potent biological toxin, has become a powerful therapeutic tool for
a growing number of clinical applications. This review draws attention to new findings about …

ContextControversy and uncertainty ensue when the results of clinical research on the
effectiveness of interventions are subsequently contradicted. Controversies are most …

Background Treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis is often unsatisfactory. Botulinum toxin
A can stop excessive sweating by blocking the release of acetylcholine, which mediates …

Objective: To define quantitatively the safety and tolerability profile of botulinum toxin type A
(BTX-A) across all common therapeutic indications. The review was limited to the evaluation …

Background Anal fissure has a very large number of treatment options. The choice is difficult.
In an effort to assist in that, choice presented here is a systematic review and meta-analysis …

Supplying lavish color illustrations that fully detail key anatomical structures and pathology,
this Third Edition encompasses the complete range of diseases encountered by colorectal …

Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities such as cerebral palsy (CP), spina bifida, or
inborn errors of metabolism frequently have associated gastrointestinal problems. These …

Anal fissure (fissure-in-ano) is a very common anorectal condition. The exact etiology of this
condition is debated; however, there is a clear association with elevated internal anal …

Botulinum toxin preparations can provide patients with a therapeutic modality that may
improve both their medical condition and quality of life. The mechanism of action of the …