Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-
temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions …

Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09× 106 km2, located within
a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth. Putting this rapid warming into
perspective is challenging because instrumental records are often short or incomplete in …

The climate of the past millennium provides a baseline for understanding the background of
natural climate variability upon which current anthropogenic changes are superimposed. As …

The topics assessed in this chapter were last assessed by the IPCC in 2007, principally in
WGII AR4 Chapters 3 (Kundzewicz et al., 2007) and 4 (Fischlin et al., 2007), but also in WGII …

Aldrin, M., M. Holden, P. Guttorp, RB Skeie, G. Myhre, and TK Berntsen, 2012: Bayesian
estimation of climate sensitivity based on a simple climate model fitted to observations of …

The present interglacial, the Holocene, spans the period of the last 11,700 years. It has
sustained the growth and development of modern society. The millennial-scale decreasing …

Climate change is the single most important global environmental and development issue
facing the world today and has emerged as a major topic in tourism studies. Climate change …

Climate in the Arctic region and northwestern Europe is strongly affected by the North
Atlantic Oscillation,(NAO), the dominant mode of atmospheric variability at mid-latitudes in …