Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease
characterised by fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and loss of lung function. Although the …

Breast cancer accounts for 25% of all types of cancer in women, and triple negative breast
cancer (TNBC) comprises around 15~ 20% of breast cancers. Conventional chemotherapy …

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide; thus, it is necessary to find successful
strategies. Several growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic …

In mammals, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are encoded by 22 genes. FGFs bind and
activate alternatively spliced forms of four tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs 1–4). The …

B-cell-activating factor of the tumour-necrosis-factor family (BAFF) enhances B-cell survival—
a function that is indispensable for B-cell maturation—and has a role in enhancing immune …

Cell migration and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial steps in tumor
progression. Several matrix-degrading proteases, including matrix metalloproteases, are …

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key regulators of several developmental processes in
which cell fate and differentiation to various tissue lineages are determined. The importance …

Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disorder characterized by a decrease in bone
mass and degradation of the bone microstructure, leaving bones that are fragile and prone …

The phosphoinositide 3‐OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been implicated in regulating
several important cellular processes, including apoptosis, survival, proliferation, and …

There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1–FGFR5. When
FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and …