Global warming is becoming a big concern for the environment since it is causing serious
and often unexpected impacts on species, affecting their abundance, genetic composition …

In natural ecosystems, predators often live in groups and have evolved cooperative hunting
behaviors over time. This cooperative behavior on the one hand increases the success rate …

The existence of chaos in ecological models is quite obvious due to the presence of
nonlinear terms. Controlling chaotic phenomena in ecological systems remains a difficult …

By taking into account various food components in the ecosystem, the research intends to
develop a set of difference equations to simulate a plant-herbivore interaction of Holling …

In the real world, group formation is ubiquitous. This group behavior is according to the
species' needs; some species use it for hunting and some for protection from predators. In …

The ecological framework gains special interest in the dynamical complexity of a system of
interacting species influenced by the adventure of prey refuge along with alternative food …

For this study, a three-species food chain model that considers interactions between small
fish, remora fish, and large fish has been developed. It is assumed that large fish consume …

This paper considers a discrete-time Beddington–DeAngelis prey–predator model with fear
effect, prey refuge and harvesting. We first establish the existence and local stability of …

In the present study, we have proposed two mathematical models for predator-prey
interactions incorporating prey refuge having significant role in curbing the dynamical …

The literature posits that an introduced predator population is able to drive its target pest
population to extinction, if supplemented with high quality additional food of sufficient …