Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a widely prevalent disease with substantial economic and
social impact for which multiple conventional and novel pharmacotherapies are currently …

Energy is required to sustain life and enable stress adaptation. At the cellular level, energy is
largely derived from mitochondria–unique multifunctional organelles with their own genome …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex under the
hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis control, one of the major neuro-endocrine systems of the …

The liver is an essential metabolic organ, and its metabolic activity is tightly controlled by
insulin and other metabolic hormones. Glucose is metabolized into pyruvate through …

The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the …

Maintaining blood glucose concentration within a relatively narrow range through periods of
fasting or excess nutrient availability is essential to the survival of the organism. This is …

Gluconeogenesis is a critical biosynthetic process that helps maintain whole-body glucose
homeostasis and becomes altered in certain medical diseases. We review gluconeogenic …

We review mechanisms that regulate production of glucose by the liver, focusing on areas of
budding consensus, and endeavoring to provide a candid assessment of lingering …

Mammals undergo regular cycles of fasting and feeding that engage dynamic transcriptional
responses in metabolic tissues. Here we review advances in our understanding of the gene …

In multicellular organisms, the ability to regulate reproduction, development, and nutrient
utilization coincided with the evolution of nuclear receptors (NRs), transcription factors that …