Visual signals in the vertebrate retina are shaped by feedback and feedforward inhibition in
two synaptic layers. In one, horizontal cells establish fundamental center-surround receptive …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Lateral interactions in the outer retina, particularly negative feedback from horizontal cells to
cones and direct feed-forward input from horizontal cells to bipolar cells, play a number of …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

In the retina, like in most other brain regions, develo** neurons are arranged into distinct
layers giving the mature tissue its stratified appearance. This process needs to be highly …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity
through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through …

Calcium influx through voltage-gated Ca (CaV) channels is the first step in synaptic
transmission. This review concerns CaV channels at ribbon synapses in primary sense …

The first synapse of the retina plays a fundamental role in the visual system. Due to its
importance, it is critical that it encodes information from the outside world with the greatest …

Light-evoked voltage responses of rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina
must be converted to a train of synaptic vesicle release events for transmission to …

Neuromodulators such as dopamine, enable context-dependent plasticity of neural circuit
function throughout the central nervous system. For example, in the retina, dopamine tunes …