Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Arousal level changes constantly and it has a profound influence on performance during
everyday activities. Fluctuations in arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system …

Highlights•Transient pupil dilation is evoked by the presentation of visual or auditory
stimuli.•The evoked pupil responses are systematically modulated by stimulus …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

The pupil of the eye provides a rich source of information for cognitive scientists, as it can
index a variety of bodily states (eg, arousal, fatigue) and cognitive processes (eg, attention …

Abstract Changes in pupil size at constant light levels reflect the activity of neuromodulatory
brainstem centers that control global brain state. These endogenously driven pupil dynamics …

Pupil size variations have been associated with changes in brain activity patterns related
with specific cognitive factors, such as arousal, attention, and mental effort. The locus …

The ability to generate flexible behaviors to accommodate changing goals in response to
identical sensory stimuli is a signature that is inherited in humans and higher‐level animals …