Fecal microbial community changes are associated with numerous disease states, including
cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, such data are merely associative. A causal …

The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional
characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a …

Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted
heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and …

Generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for both physiology and pathology.
An imbalance between endogenous oxidants and antioxidants causes oxidative stress …

In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

The gut microbiota has a crucial effect on regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity and
maintaining intestinal homeostasis both in health and in disease state. Many effects are …

Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction
occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcriptional factor that regulates multiple
functions following its activation by a variety of ligands, including xenobiotics, natural …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has long been implicated in the induction of a battery
of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. AhR is a …

Traditionally considered as a critical intermediate in the toxic and carcinogenic response to
dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD), the Aryl hydrocarbon/Dioxin receptor …