The field of stress physiology has rapidly expanded, particularly in those fields interested in
identifying chronic stress in wild animals. Despite this expansion, stress remains difficult to …

Despite a long history of animal studies investigating co** styles, the causal connections
between behavior and stress physiology remain unclear. Consistency across taxa in effect …

Continuous exposure to humans causes wildlife to either habituate or sensitize. Although
increased tolerance may play an important role in coexistence with humans, the …

Animal vigilance is concerned with the monitoring of potential threats caused by predators
and conspecifics. Researchers have argued that threats are part of a landscape of fear …

Studies in natural populations are essential to understand the evolutionary ecology of
senescence and terminal allocation. While there are an increasing number of studies …

Increased predation risk is considered a cost of having conspicuous colours, affecting the
anti-predator behaviour of colourful animals. However, this is difficult to test, as individual …

Glucocorticoids have wide-ranging effects on animals' behaviour, but many of these effects
remain poorly understood because numerous confounding factors have often been …

Natural selection is expected to favor the evolution of threat-sensitive behaviors that permit
individuals to adaptively detect and respond to danger. However, because time allocated to …

Encoding of emotional arousal in vocalisations is commonly observed in the animal
kingdom, and provides a rapid means of information transfer about an individual's affective …

One of the most explored factors mediating antipredator behavior is group size, which
generally predicts individuals in larger social groups allocate less time to antipredator …