Atmospheric electricity has been intensively studied during the last 30 years after the
discovery in 1989 of different forms of upper atmospheric electrical discharges (so–called …

Recent development in lightning discharges including transient luminous events (TLEs) and
global electric circuit are discussed. Role of solar activity, convective available potential …

Transient luminous events (TLEs) such as sprites, blue jets (BJs) and elves have been
studied intensively during the last three decades, and much is now known of their properties …

Abstract The ionospheric D-region (~ 60 km up to~ 95 km) and the corresponding neutral
atmosphere, often referred to as the mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT), are …

Sprites are spectacular optical emissions in the mesosphere induced by transient lightning
electric fields above thunderstorms. Although the streamer nature of sprites has been …

The purpose of this paper is to introduce electrical discharge phenomena known as
transient luminous events above thunderstorms to the lightning protection community …

Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals from navigational transmitters propagate
worldwide in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide formed by the Earth and the electrically …

This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to modeling
studies of transient luminous events termed sprites and sprite halos that are produced at …

Subionospheric VLF recordings are investigated in relation with intense cloud‐to‐ground
(CG) lightning data. Lightning impacts the lower ionosphere via heating and ionization …

In 1999, the first sprites were observed above European thunderstorms using sensitive
cameras. Since then, Eurosprite campaigns have been conducted to observe sprites and …