HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation
and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated …

Bone remodeling is the continual process to renew the adult skeleton through the sequential
action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Nuclear factor RANK, an osteoclast receptor, and its …

The characterization of the new lineage of IL-17-producing CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells has
revolutionized our current understanding of T cell-mediated immunity. Over the past five …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are two major forms of innate
immune sensors, which provide immediate responses against pathogenic invasion or tissue …

Objective To analyze the expression, regulation, and biologic relevance of Toll‐like
receptors (TLRs) 1–10 in synovial and skin fibroblasts and to determine the expression …

Background Thymoquinone (TQ), the most important active principle of Nigella sativa is
known to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Aim …

An increasing body of data supports the role of the innate immune system in the
pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by cells …

Toll like receptors (TLR) s have a central role in regulating innate immunity and in the last
decade studies have begun to reveal their significance in potentiating autoimmune diseases …

Bone homeostasis, which involves formation and resorption, is an important process for
maintaining adequate bone mass in humans. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune …

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible transcription factor controlled by two principal
signaling cascades, each activated by a set of signal ligands: the classical/canonical NF-κB …