Epidemiologic studies indicate that children exposed to early adverse experiences are at
increased risk for the development of depression, anxiety disorders, or both. Persistent …

Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly
conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed …

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to the abuse, neglect, and traumatic
experiences in childhood that directly affect long-term adolescent and adult health …

Background Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain
structure and function and stress–responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological …

Background In May 2009, the WHO and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion (CDC, Atlanta GA) met in Geneva, Switzerland, to begin a …

Childhood trauma has profound impact on the emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and
physical functioning of children. Developmental experiences determine the organizational …

OBJECTIVE: To provide clinicians with current information on prevalence, risk factors,
outcomes, treatment, and prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). To examine the best …

Findings from three additional centers—Groningen, Netherlands; Mannheim, Germany; and
Sofia, Bulgaria—where cohorts were followed for 14 to 16 years, are reviewed in a third …

Developmental psychology and the study of behaviour and emotion have tended to be
considered in parallel to the study of neurobiological processes. This review explores the …

Background: Previous investigations suggest that maltreated children with a diagnosis of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) evidence alterations of biological stress systems …