Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with l-DOPA remains the most effective treatment for
Parkinson's disease, but causes dyskinesia (abnormal involuntary movements) in the vast …

Dyskinesias represent a major complication of dopamine replacement therapy in
Parkinson's disease (PD) and have prompted a search for alternative treatments. The most …

Striatal GABAergic interneurons that express the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) have
been identified previously by several methods. Although generally assumed to be …

Dopamine (DA) is a key regulator of action selection and associative learning. The striatum
has long been thought to be a major locus of DA action in this process. Although all striatal …

The antiparkinsonian response to levodopa is characterized by an immediate motor
improvement lasting hours and a more sustained response lasting days. These two …

TrkB is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is activated upon binding to brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF). To date, the search for low-molecular-weight molecules …

A large number of signaling abnormalities have been implicated in the emergence and
expression of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). The primary cause for many of these …

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is a troublesome complication of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy of
Parkinson's disease and has been associated with disturbed brain opioid transmission …

Alterations of serotonin type 4 receptor levels are linked to mood disorders and cognitive
deficits in several conditions. However, few studies have investigated 5-HT4R alterations in …