Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium,
lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural …

Heavy metal/metalloids (HMs) are among the primary soil pollutants that limit crop
production worldwide. Plants grown in HM contaminated soils exhibit reduced growth and …

Heavy metal (HM)-mediated toxic effects on plants have attained considerable attention
worldwide as they directly threaten the food supply chain. Although various measures have …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

Being continuously exposed to variable environmental conditions, plants produce
phytohormones to react quickly and specifically to these changes. The phytohormone …

The present scenario of agricultural sector is dependent hugely on the use of chemical-
based fertilizers and pesticides that impact the nutritional quality, health status, and …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of
an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its …

Ethylene is a gaseous plant growth hormone that regulates various plant developmental
processes, ranging from seed germination to senescence. The mechanisms underlying …

Basic helix-loop-helix proteins (bHLHs) comprise one of the largest families of transcription
factors in plants. They have been shown to be involved in responses to various abiotic …

Plants confront multifarious environmental stresses widely divided into abiotic and biotic
stresses, of which heavy metal stress represents one of the most damaging abiotic stresses …