Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

Calcium orthophosphates are the main mineral constituents of bones and teeth, and there is
great interest in understanding the physical mechanisms that underlie their growth …

Biogenic calcium carbonate forms the inorganic component of seashells, otoliths, and many
marine skeletons, and its formation is directed by an ordered template of macromolecules …

The miniemulsion process allows the formation of complex polymer nanoparticles and the
encapsulation of widely varying materials into a polymer shell (see examples) …

Mechanoluminescent materials, which emit light in response to mechanical stimuli, have
recently been explored as promising candidates for photonic skins, remote optogenetics …

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) may be a better candidate for an apatite substitute of bone
in biomedical applications than micro-sized hydroxyapatite (m-HAP). However, size control …

Unique combinations of hard and soft components found in biological tissues have inspired
researchers to design and develop synthetic nanocomposite gels and hydrogels with …

Fracture mechanics concepts are applied to gain some understanding of the hierarchical
nanocomposite structures of hard biological tissues such as bone, tooth and shells. At the …

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles, typically 20±5, 40±10 and 80±12 nm in diameter, were
prepared and their effects on the proliferation of two bone-related cells, bone marrow …

Eight dissolution models of calcium apatites (both fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite) in acids
were drawn from the published literature, analyzed and discussed. Major limitations and …