Arctic amplification (AA)—referring to the enhancement of near-surface air temperature
change over the Arctic relative to lower latitudes—is a prominent feature of climate change …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

Restoring tree cover changes albedo, which is the fraction of sunlight reflected from the
Earth's surface. In most locations, these changes in albedo offset or even negate the carbon …

Microplastics are now recognized as widespread contaminants in the atmosphere, where,
due to their small size and low density, they can be transported with winds around the …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has
been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global …

Abstract The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model
developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale …

Forestation is widely proposed for carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, but its impact on climate
through changes to atmospheric composition and surface albedo remains relatively …

The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments
from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and …

This work documents the first version of the US Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully …