We reviewed recent literature to identify the positive and negative effects of thinning on both
stand-and tree-level resistance and resilience to four stressors that are expected to increase …

Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato is a species complex comprising five species that are
widely distributed in coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere and are each …

Global change (climate change together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes
such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the …

Butt rot is a main defect in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and causes large
economic losses for forest owners. However, little empirical research has been done on the …

Heterobasidion species are highly destructive basidiomycetous conifer pathogens of the
Boreal forest region. Earlier studies have revealed dsRNA virus infections of families …

Fungal viruses (mycoviruses) with RNA genomes are believed to lack extracellular infective
particles. These viruses are transmitted laterally among fungal strains through mycelial …

The root and butt rots caused by the Heterobasidion annosum species complex, hereafter
referred as H. annosum sensu lato, are among the most destructive diseases of conifers. In …

Pathogen-caused stem and root decay are becoming increasingly common in Norway
spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) which is believed to contribute to greater stand instability …

Fungal viruses (mycoviruses) are considered to be highly host specific, but phylogenetic
analysis supports the occasional occurrence of horizontal transmission between species …

The tree pathogenic fungi Heterobasidion annosum ss and Heterobasidion parviporum
cause root and butt rot in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and produce serious economic …