Human topoisomerases comprise a family of six enzymes: two type IB (TOP1 and
mitochondrial TOP1 (TOP1MT), two type IIA (TOP2A and TOP2B) and two type IA (TOP3A …

Many cellular processes require large-scale rearrangements of chromatin structure.
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are molecular machines …

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are ubiquitous genome
regulators with a wide range of functions. Among the three types of SMC complexes in …

High-level folding of chromatin is a key determinant of the shape and functional state of
chromosomes. During cell division, structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) …

Smc5 and Smc6, together with the kleisin Nse4, form the heart of the enigmatic and poorly
understood Smc5/6 complex, which is frequently viewed as a cousin of cohesin and …

Post-translational modification by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) proteins regulates
numerous cellular processes. This modification involves the covalent and reversible …

Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate virtually all nuclear processes. The fate of
the target protein is determined by the architecture of the attached SUMO protein, which can …

Embryonic development is dictated by tight regulation of DNA replication, cell division and
differentiation. Mutations in DNA repair and replication genes disrupt this equilibrium, giving …

Protein modification by SUMO helps orchestrate the elaborate events of meiosis to faithfully
produce haploid gametes. To date, only a handful of meiotic SUMO targets have been …

Eukaryotic SMC complexes, cohesin, condensin, and Smc5/6, use ATP hydrolysis to power
a plethora of functions requiring organization and restructuring of eukaryotic chromosomes …