The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients
in the hospital. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of …

Food and water are rewarding in part because they satisfy our internal needs,.
Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated by gustatory …

Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite
regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological …

Energy homeostasis requires precise measurement of the quantity and quality of ingested
food. The vagus nerve innervates the gut and can detect diverse interoceptive cues, but the …

INTRODUCTION Motivational drives are internal states that can explain why animals
adaptively display distinct behaviors in response to the same external stimulus …

BACKGROUND Metabolism can be broadly divided into anabolic, energy-consuming,
biosynthetic processes and energy-generating catabolic processes. Different biological …

Salt Handling and Blood Pressure Salt intake is associated with blood pressure, but the
relationship is complex. This review highlights the interplay among renal salt transport, salt …

To survive, organisms must effectively respond to the challenge of maintaining their
physiological integrity in the face of an ever-changing environment. Preserving this …

Although the concept of allostasis was proposed some 30 years ago, doubts persist about its
precise meaning and whether it is useful. Here we review the concept in the context of …