Exosomes are membrane‐bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal
compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective …

Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-
soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile …

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with a length larger than
200 nucleotides that participate in various diseases and biological processes as they can …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a cluster of cell-secreted lipid bilayer nanoscale particles,
universally exist in body fluids, as well as cell and tissue culture supernatants. Over the past …

Many studies have revealed that circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene
and protein expression in the process of hepatic fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound …

More than eight hundred million people worldwide have chronic liver disease, with two
million deaths per year. Recurring liver injury results in fibrogenesis, progressing towards …

NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome accompanies chronic liver
injury and is a critical mediator of inflammation-driven liver fibrosis. Sphingosine 1 …

Activation of hepatic macrophages represents the critical driving force to promote cholestatic
liver injury. Exosomes, as important small extracellular vesicles released by almost all types …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a
diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The …

Chronic infection with liver flukes (such as Clonorchis sinensis) can induce severe biliary
injuries, which can cause cholangitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. The …